Rhinoplasty is a commonly known plastic surgery procedure to improve the appearance and function of the nose. The function of the nose relates to breathing. As in all surgical procedures, complications can happen. The goal of preoperative evaluation is also to seek out any potential problem. But despite the best efforts, complications can occur. 


The incidence of the complications varies. It can vary depending on the type of procedure, and patient factors. It is more common to have a greater incidence of complications in difficult (challenging) cases. Some of the complications are uncommon when compared to others. The complications can be seen under those that are nonspecific to rhinoplasty and those specific to rhinoplasty. 


The nonspecific complications can occur in any surgical procedure. It need not be in rhinoplasty alone. These include, 

• Infection: These are uncommon in rhinoplasty. But when they happen, they tend to be serious and can impair a surgical outcome. 
• Prominent scars: These are uncommon. However, more common would be a scarred appearance of a nose that has undergone multiple rhinoplasties. 
• Delayed healing

The specific complications of rhinoplasty are those related to aesthetic (appearance) and functional (breathing).


The aesthetic complications include, 

• Asymmetry: This could be a worsening of a pre-existing asymmetry. 
• Dissatisfaction with the appearance. This could be due to the appearance of the tip, dorsum, projection, width, base, and various other parts of the nose. It is a reason for revisionary or secondary corrections. 

Swelling is usual after rhinoplasty. The various layers of the nose are swollen. This includes the outer skin, lining mucosa, and the structures in between these two layers. Swelling subsides with time. Even though most of the swelling settles by a month, the residual swelling lasts longer. This can take about a year or longer to subside. Hence, any decision to undertake revisions is taken after this period.  


Functional problems associated with rhinoplasty include, 

• Difficulty with breathing. It is common to have difficulty in breathing during the initial weeks due to swelling of the inner lining of the nose. There would be an improvement in the breathing as the swelling subsides. So any evaluation for persistent difficulty in breathing is carried out after this period. 
• Septal perforations. The septum is the midline structure that separates the two sides. This can undergo perforations. This is more common in previously operated noses. Septal perforations of the posterior (back) and those that are asymptomatic are usually left alone. The symptomatic perforations can need revisionary procedures. 

Some of the complications are more serious when compared to others. Also, the difficulty level in performing a rhinoplasty can vary depending on the presentation. It is also more so in previously operated noses. It is not possible to eliminate the possibility of complications. However, it is usually possible to reduce their incidence with careful planning and attention to detail. 

For more details about rhinoplasty, visit here. 

Beauty is associated with proportions. A body part that is disproportionate to the rest of the body can impair appearance. An example would be women with arms that are large when compared to the torso. It is a common aesthetic concern in plastic surgery practice.

Arms are tubular structures. They consist of soft tissues around a bone. The soft tissues are made up of structures like fat, muscles, and vessels. It is surrounded by skin. Large arms usually involve a relative excess of fat and skin. The fat occupies the layer deeper to the skin. As the volume of fat increases, the overlying skin stretches to adjust to the increased volume. Hence, a reduction in the size of the arms involves a reduction in the size of the fat and skin excess. We can achieve this through surgical, and non-surgical techniques.  

Why do some individuals get big arms?
The increase in the size of the arms is associated with excess weight. This excess fat gets deposited in various areas of the body. Some of us tend to deposit this fat more in our arms. This intrinsic tendency varies from one individual to another.
Other conditions can be associated with an increased size of the arms, lymphedema, soft tissue swellings, etc.  But they are relatively less common causes of big arms. This article deals with the management of the arms as a result of excess fatty tissue.

What can be done to improve the appearance?  
A reduction in the size of arms has to address the two types of tissues involved, namely fatty tissue and skin.
First, the fat. Fat occupies the area between the muscles and skin. The amount of fatty tissue correlates with the amount that can be rolled between two fingers. Fat is amenable to dietary modifications. A reduction in body weight usually leads to a reduction in the amount of fatty tissue and a resulting in a decrease in the size of arms.
Liposuction is a surgical technique to remove the fatty tissue with the help of small tubes (cannula). It is useful for individuals with fatty tissue that is resistant to dietary modifications. A good candidate for liposuction is someone with close to ideal body weight. Liposuction does not directly address the excess skin.
Next, the skin.  The skin stretches to accommodate the excess fatty tissue. Once there is a reduction in the fatty tissue with diet or liposuction, there is a recoil of this skin. Recoil is the shrinking of the skin to a smaller area. However, this recoil of the skin takes time. It can take as much as a year for the skin to maximally recoil. In cases of massive weight loss, the recoil can be incomplete. This is seen as a persistent loose fold(s) of the skin. It is usually seen on the undersurface of the arms. Skin recoil is also reduced with advancing age and in smoking. Brachioplasty is a surgical procedure to remove excess skin. During brachioplasty, skin is removed as an ellipse from the medial surface (inside) of the arm. This is the part of the skin that abuts the torso. The decision to undertake a brachioplasty is taken after waiting for the skin to maximally recoil. Hence, it is usually not carried out during liposuction. The extent of skin removal is customized depending upon the extent of skin excess. Brachioplasty helps in improving the contour by removing the loose skin folds.  

 What are the advantages of the management of this condition?
It helps in improving the appearance of the arms in individuals with disproportionately large arms. The role of diet and exercise play a very important role in the appearance of the arms. Liposuction and brachioplasty are two surgical procedures that help to further optimize the appearance of arms.  

Gynecomastia is an enlargement of the male breast. It is a common condition. Surgical correction of gynecomastia achieves a reduction in the excess breast tissue. A reduction in the breast tissue helps improve the aesthetics of the male chest. In most cases, surgery involves liposuction and gland excision. Liposuction addresses fat, and direct removal addresses the gland. These two steps are usually adequate for most individuals with gynecomastia.  However, this may be insufficient to restore the aesthetics in those with excess skin. They may require additional treatments. 
The stretched-out skin usually recoils adequately after reduction in most of the individual. The problem relating to excess skin is observed commonly in two subsets of patients. They are, 

1. Gynecomastia when associated with significant weight loss. Obesity leads to widespread excess skin. When such an individual loses weight by dieting or surgery, there is a mismatch between the skin and underlying tissues. The skin recoil may be inadequate in such individuals. 
2. Severe, and longstanding gynecomastia. This is seen in older individuals with untreated gynecomastia. The ability of the skin to recoil reduces with age. 

It is usually possible to estimate the skin excess during a clinical examination. Individuals with excess skin usually present with ptotic (downward displacement) of the nipple and areola. A deflated appearance is also common in individuals with excess skin. 

How do we manage excess skin while treating gynecomastia? 
The treatment approach depends on the presentation. We tend to follow a conservative wait and watch in younger individuals, and those with a less severe presentation. This is because of better skin recoil in younger individuals. Also, the removal of the gland will reduce the effect of the weight on the skin. This helps the skin to recoil better.  It is common practice to wait for more than ten months to assess the full extent of skin recoil. Any secondary corrections are done after this period. 
The conservative approach may not help in older individuals and those with severe forms of excess. In such cases, we may opt to add a  skin removal procedure during the management of gynecomastia. Good candidates for primary correction of the skin would include nonsmokers. They must have a stable weight. Skin removal procedures in those with unstable weight may result in suboptimal outcomes. 
The design of the skin excess is variable. This is based on the extent of skin excess and patient preferences. A circumareolar (around the areola) approach is preferred in milder cases. In individuals with severe excess, we prefer extensile (long) incisions with the grafting of the nipple and areola. Needless to say, individuals with longer incisions have longer scars. 

What is the advantage of staging a skin removal procedure? 
In other words, why wait between a gynecomastia correction and a skin excisional procedure. 
Skin can recoil significantly with time. It may not be able to predict the full extent. Adequately recoiled skin results in acceptable aesthetics. The full extent of skin recoil after gynecomastia correction takes time. Avoiding a skin removal procedure means lesser scars. However, this approach may not be suitable in those with severe forms of skin excess. 

Are there any approaches to prevent this issue with excess skin? 
They would include the following. 
Avoiding excess body weight. The excess skin problem is not common in individuals with normal or ideal body weight. 
Early treatment of gynecomastia. The ability of the skin to recoil reduces with age. 
Smoking is bad for skin recoil. Nonsmokers tend to have better outcomes when compared to smokers. 

What is the advantage of managing the excess skin in individuals with gynecomastia? 
It leads to better aesthetic outcomes. 

For more information about gynecomastia please visit here. 

ClicA cyst refers to a bag like swelling. Epidermoid cysts are among the most common skin swellings found in the human body. They are not life-threatening nor do they spread to another part of the body. These cysts are formed when the cells of the outer layers of the skin get trapped deep within. When this happens, the cells instead of getting shed outside the body organize themselves into a bag like swelling. Even though benign, an epidermoid cyst can be troublesome.

How does an epidermoid cyst look? 
An epidermoid cyst usually presents as a skin lump. The overlying skin is usually unremarkable except for a small area of discoloration due to a punctum. Usually, a sebaceous cyst is not painful. However, once in a while they can get inflamed. And during inflammation, the cyst becomes painful to touch. 
The size of a sebaceous cyst can vary. 

Why do we remove an epidermoid cyst? 
It is usually removed for the following reasons: 

1. Deformity. An individual may get it removed due to the appearance. This is especially true for cysts found in the face. 
   
2. Inflammation. Some of the swellings can get inflamed and painful. 
   
3. Rupture of the cyst. It may rupture to discharge cheesy white material. 
   
4. Rapid growth. Some of the swellings may grow rapidly in size. A biopsy of the swelling helps us to confirm the diagnosis
   
5. Infection. They can get infected and are then managed with antibiotics and drainage of the pus.
   

How are epidermoid cysts removed? 
An epidermoid cyst is usually removed under local anesthesia as an outpatient procedure. It does not require an inpatient stay. 
The swelling is removed with a small ellipse of the skin that contains the punctum. The wound is closed with the help of a few sutures. A modified approach involves the avulsion of the cyst wall through a small incision. This may be suitable for some individuals. In most cases, individuals have an uneventful recovery. 

Liposuction is among the more popular procedures done by a plastic surgeon. Liposuction is carried out as a single procedure or in combination with other surgical procedures. Some individuals refer to it as the 'keyhole' surgery for gynecomastia. 
Liposuction has certain advantages over open or conventional surgery. These include small incisions, faster recovery, and less postoperative discomfort. Liposuction can be carried out both under general or local anesthesia. Doing liposuction under local anesthesia has certain benefits. 


So, what are these benefits?
The important ones include,  

• Safety. When done with adequate precautions liposuction is usually a safe procedure. Thin tubes called cannulas are inserted under the skin into the fatty layer during liposuction. The cannulas help in the removal of fat from the treated areas. One of the risks of liposuction comes from the injury to structures in the adjacent areas. It is easier to detect the presence of a cannula in a different surgical plane in an awake patient (local anesthesia). This is due to the absence of muscle relaxation and sensitivity to pain in areas that are not infiltrated with the anesthetic solution. As a result, the local anesthesia increases the safety margin of the procedure. 
• Recovery. The recovery from general anesthesia may be associated with postoperative nausea or vomiting. There can be variations in systemic parameters like blood pressure and heart rate. These can are avoided when liposuction is carried out in an awake individual. This leads to a more straightforward recovery. 
• Postoperative stay. Due to the faster recovery with local anesthesia alone patients can be discharged soon after the procedure. This makes liposuction under local anesthesia suitable as an outpatient procedure. 

Are there any differences in technique with liposuction under local anesthesia? 
There are a few differences. 
Firstly, the patient is awake, and the monitoring of the patient is simple. When done in an awake patient, it takes longer to complete the procedure. There are a few reasons for this. The initial infiltration of the anesthetic solution in the treatment areas is done in multiple steps and takes longer to complete. Also, we prefer the use of smaller cannulas for infiltration and fat aspiration (suction). We usually use cannulas of sizes 3 mm or below in an awake individual. Due to the smaller cannulas, the aspiration of fat takes more time to complete. Liposuction in the awake individual is more gentle. 


Who is the right candidate for liposuction under local anesthesia? 
Almost all candidates for the procedure under general anesthesia are also good candidates for the procedure to be carried out under local anesthesia. However, if the patient is very anxious or has a fear of needles they may not be a good candidate for local anesthesia alone. Such individuals would be better suited for general anesthesia.


To summarize liposuction, in awake patients has a better safety profile. It has the added benefits of a faster recovery, and this also makes it suitable as an outpatient procedure. 
For more information about liposuction click here. 

Patients with gynecomastia have increased gland in addition to the fat. Fat is found both within the glandular tissue and immediately underneath the skin. Fat in both these places contributes to the deformity. In an overweight individual, the proportion of fat is more than that of a person with ideal body weight. During the surgical correction, fat is removed with the help of liposuction. Small cannulas are introduced under the skin and fat is removed with the help of suction combined with repeated movements of the cannula. Removal of fat leads to an improvement in the contour.

Prolonged and severe gynecomastia is also associated with excess skin. In most individuals removal of the breast tissue leads to the recoil of the skin during the months following surgery. However, in certain individuals, this recoil may not be complete. We may have to perform additional skin excisional procedures to improve the contour in such cases.

Individuals with excess weight should try to reduce weight by non-surgical methods. This involves dietary and lifestyle modifications. There are many advantages to doing so. It leads to better postoperative outcomes with more pleasing results. This is in addition to the other health and psychological benefits. Operating in a near-ideal bodyweight individual also means a simpler and shorter surgery. There is a lesser chance of wound-related adverse events such as infection and prolonged healing. BMI or body mass index is commonly used to assess the weight in comparison to the height of the individual. We usually discourage operations on individuals with a BMI greater than 30.

Being overweight increases the deformity associated with gynecomastia. However, it is possible to give a good outcome with surgical correction in conjunction with the appropriate lifestyle and dietary changes.

Visit here, to learn more about gynecomastia.

These are uncertain times. There is a lot of uncertainty regarding health and finances. Each one of us is affected as a result of Covid19.

Though Covid19 is a recent disease and the first case was reported in December 2019, we have come to know a lot about this illness in this short period. However, there is a lot we are yet to know. An improved understanding would help us better deal with this at the level of an individual and that of the community. Though it leads to a mild illness in those affected, a small percentage can have a severe outcome. Because of this, and that the virus can spread rapidly, a lot of individuals can become simultaneously be affected by it. This leads to the possibility of our existing health care becoming overwhelmed. Hence, we take multiple steps to prevent the rapid spread of this virus. Some of the steps are easy and some are difficult.

One of the recommendations during this pandemic is to defer elective surgeries. Especially those in which the outcome may not significantly change if they are done at a later date. An example would be aesthetic or cosmetic surgery. Now, why should we postpone such types of surgeries? There are multiple reasons. One is that hospitals tend to be more exposed to individuals affected by Covid19. It is also known that many of the people with Covid19 can be mildly symptomatic and yet have the ability to transmit the infection. Another reason is that many individuals may come in close contact with a patient during the procedure and in the postoperative period. Many of the interventions may generate aerosols which can lead to a greater chance of transmission. We would also like to conserve our resources so that all our protective equipment and manpower can be used in case there is an escalation during a community spread.

All elective surgeries are not similar. In certain cases, it would be important to treat certain illnesses early since early intervention leads to better outcomes. An example would be cancer surgeries. It is also important for individuals with chronic illnesses to continue with medical care. An example would be dialysis in those with chronic kidney disease.
Cosmetic procedures are meant for improving appearance. Postponing such surgery is unlikely to influence the outcome.

Even during these times, there are a lot of things we can do to improve our health and appearance. We should exercise. Even if going out is not an option we would be able to exercise inside our homes and yards. Eating right is important. Eat only when we are hungry. Eating should not be a remedy for boredom.

As mentioned before these are uncertain times. But it is also certain that this uncertainty can't be permanent. Till then it is important to stay safe and wear masks (cloth would do) when we step outside.